Mt 355 Unit 4 Assignment External Secondary Research

MT 355 Unit 4 Assignment External Secondary Research https://homeworklance.com/downloads/mt-355-unit-4-assignment-external-secondary-research/ Conducting external secondary research can help support the need for a study when addressing a management problem identified for a marketing research proposal. In this assignment, you will demonstrate your ability to conduct secondary research to inform a proposal for a new product idea. In this assignment, you will engage in the development of the following professional competencies: Understands how to approach unstructured problems Scenario: As a marketing researcher working for the McDonalds © Corporation, you are tasked with performing secondary marketing research to inform a†¦show more content†¦For instance, if you decide that McDonald’s should offer French cuisine on their menu, you would try to find an article that provides information on how US consumers have increased their consumption of French cuisine over the past three years. 1. For each article: Provide a brief explanation of how each supports one or all of the possible products you have selected for candidates to be placed on McDonald’s current menu. 1. Provide a very brief summary of the two articles you found. The summary should be approximately one paragraph for each article. 1. Provide a reference list for the articles you have found in APA format. In the past, many students have selected popular products that McDonald’s does not offer, but other restaurants successfully provide. This is an opportunity to use your creativity, so think critically on what products may positively impact the McDonald’s menu of products to increase revenues and profitability. The secondary research used in this assignment should support your new product idea. Remember you are in the process of finding data that will convince a hardened senior executive that your addition to the menu will be good for McDonald’s and their bottom line. For additional requirements in relation to this assignment, see the grading rubric below. Directions for Submitting Your Assignment Revie w the grading rubric below before beginning this activity. For additional helpShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageswith the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teachingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesindexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision MakingRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesE-mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. To order books or for customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY(225-5945). Montgomery, Douglas, C. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, Sixth Edition 978-0-470-16992-6 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Author Douglas C. Montgomery is Regents’ Professor of Industrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation Professor of Engineering. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic

Essay on Different Ethnic Groups - 887 Words

Ethnic groups After going through and being asked to react to the following statement, â€Å"Students who dine solely with members of their own ethnic group and participate in ethnic student organizations and activities contribute to a decline of ethnic relations on campus,† I have come to realized that as any other statements there’s always two sides and a lot more to consider before coming to a consent as a whole. In my opinion this is very important and should always view both sides of the story Many types of these ethnic group’s actions could make it easy and lead to a decline of ethnic relations on campus. For instance, let’s say if ethnic students did everything together as a whole and only participated in ethnic student activities,†¦show more content†¦Even graduates could carry this on to their future employers, although experts claim that no network group has ever set out to bring a company down, companies are the next things for college students and bring the risk of having their employees become far too separate from each other. The whole idea of diversity in a company is to make the work place and as uniformly supportive to all cultural backgrounds. By allowing these groups to form, the companies are moving further away from supposedly a fair and diverse population of workers. The segregation of ethnic groups from the rest of the student body largely contributes to a decline of ethnic relations on campus. If I were to see the other side of this and disagree, I would believe that if students of the same ethnic background only dined and participated in ethnic student activities, then it would not contribute to a decline of ethnic relations on campus. Instead, it would have students who tend to stay surrounded by people of the same ethnic background could feel more free, comfortable and accepted; thus bringing improvements leading to higher grades in the classroom and a more humble attitude towards life. Also b eing placed within a group will most likely encourage students to go out socialize, take part in campus activities, and enjoy campus life. This will lead to them interacting withShow MoreRelatedEssay about Portrayal of Different Ethnic Groups in the Media1221 Words   |  5 PagesPortrayal of Different Ethnic Groups in the Media During the course of looking at education, and ethnicity issues I became interested in how ethnic groups were portrayed in the media. Although I haven’t studied this before, I wanted to do something different, but still apply the fundamental theories which I have studied. I have noticed how there seems to be a trend with all areas involving ethnicity, and personally feel there is racism and under-representationRead MoreExploring the Reasons for Differences in Educational Achievement Between Different Ethnic Groups775 Words   |  4 PagesExploring the Reasons for Differences in Educational Achievement Between Different Ethnic Groups I believe that this is an important issue to consider as research has shown that whilst Afro-Caribbean males are at the very bottom in terms of achievement, West Indian females tend to do even better than white females at GCSE. Sociologists such as Cecil Wright link educational achievement with teacher racism and labelling whilst other sociologists such as Charlotte Brookes linkRead MorePublic Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups XXXXXXXXX CJA 344 March 24, 2014 Benjamin Harm Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups Introduction Cooperation from members of the public is important in order for police officers to effectively fight crime within the community. In order to obtain cooperation from members of the public, police officers must gain their trust and confidence. It has been known that African Americans and Hispanics have lower levelsRead MoreEssay on Health Care Services with Different Ethnic Groups2066 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to US Census Bureau, Hispanic is one of largest minority ethnic group in the United States and account for 15.1 % of the population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). With an increasing number of diverse cultures within the health care system, it is important for health care professionals to cultivate diversity and cultural awareness when caring for peope from different cultures than theirs. Moreover, providing care that is culturally sensitive can result in improved health status for all patientsRead MoreUnited States And Philippines : The Melting Pot Of Different Ethnic Grou ps1744 Words   |  7 PagesIn our country today, we are a nation of diverse cultures. America is considered the melting pot of different ethnic groups. By today’s standard, â€Å"American Culture† is the result of a variety of races integrating their own cultural beliefs into American society. Throughout the years the US has seen a massive increase of people migrating from Asian countries. Like other immigrants, Asians come here in order to seek a better life and experience civil liberties and I include myself to that. ImmigratingRead MoreEssay Ethnic Inequality in Health Care1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to firstly give an overview of the existence of inequalities of health related to ethnicity, by providing some evidence that ethnic inequality in health is a reality in the society and include definitions of keywords. Secondly, I will bring forward arguments for and against on the major sociological explanations (racial discrimination, aref act, access to and quality of care) for the existence of health inequalities related to ethnicity. Thirdly, I would also like toRead MoreEssay about Blood on the Stepepes833 Words   |  4 PagesEthnicity, Power, and Conflict In this article written by Weatherford, the form and use of ethnic identity is the core focus and further elaborations has been provided on roles of various factors in shaping ethnic identities such as, religion, economics, politics and so forth. Weatherford has also discussed the various usages that ethnic identities may have: Men in pursuit of their own vested interests have used ethnic identities as a means to reach their goals and interests such as wealth, fame and evenRead MoreGender And Academic Performance Among College Students1489 Words   |  6 PagesEthnic Identification in Relation to Gender and Academic Performance among College Students Only a certain number of people graduate from high school or obtain a GED. Even fewer of them go on to pursue a post-secondary education and obtain a degree. It is obvious that many factors contribute to this lowered rate of degree obtainment such as tuition cost, being overwhelmed by the advanced curriculum, and the loss motivation; however, another factor that may contribute to this issue is simply the wayRead MoreA Classroom Environment Of Other Ethnic Groups807 Words   |  4 Pages As educators what pluralistic perspective do we use to motivate and encourage our students to learn in a classroom environment of other ethnic groups? Every teacher has a different teaching style. Identifying the best model of excellence in a pluralistic curriculum will increase good results in student achievement. Building Cultural Connections: †¢ Recognize Customs, Culture, and Religion †¢ Knowing and learning other cultural practices †¢ Knowing and understanding the differences and similaritiesRead MoreEffects of Violence on Adolescence1408 Words   |  6 Pagesone killer of adolescents. Ethnic identity plays an important role in an adolescent’s life that affects their mental health. An ethnic identity is a sense of membership in an ethnic group, with the attitudes and feelings that are related to the other members of the ethnicity. Ethnic identity includes self- identification, a sense of belonging, and a pride in one’s own ethnic group (Tummala-Narra, 9). There is a correlation between feeling positive in one’s ethnic identity and having positive psychological

Rewarding Loyalty free essay sample

Viejo guests are looking for wellness vacation and will spare no expense to get just that. Hailing from all over the world, over 70% of guests are women with household incomes greater than $150K. Located in the majestic San Bernardino Mountains, guests experience spa and wellness services, outdoor activities, pampering, and tranquility. With accommodations and services averaging over $600 a day, the expectations of Cabo San Viejo guests have increased over time. To keep them satisfied, Cabo San Viejo has a well trained staff who believes in the product and more importantly in providing the guest with a memorable experience. However, with increasing competition from other resorts, day spas and even cruises, Cabo San Viejo is left wondering is this enough? How healthy is it? If the firm were to adopt a rewards program, what should be its strategic objective? Cabo San Viejo has built a solid reputation and overall is a healthy company who could potentially position itself to be a major player amongst premier vacation/fitness resorts. We will write a custom essay sample on Rewarding Loyalty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cabo San Viejo lacks an elaborate customer identification program but has pulse on the needs of their guests because of the personal relationships built with them over time. For future sustainability and growth however, Cabo San Viejo will need to invest in a more sophisticated way to assess customer behavior proactively. Since a client database can be costly, Cabo San Viejo should look at implementing a rewards program from a short and long term perspective. Short-term, Cabo San Viejo should have access to the services each repeat guest took part in during their stay as well as any comments or surveys received from the guests. This information should be shared with all staff members particularly the reservation staff who will use that information to customize conversations with guests when booking their next visit. The reservation staff will alert key staff members of that guests profile so when the guest arrives each staff member has acted upon the profile accordingly. This could mean stocking their room with their favorite healthy snacks and beverages or changing the rules for a particular service that the guest wants to take advantage of. For example, the guest who wants a massage at 8pm, the reservation staff proactively mentions that massage service is available in the evenings and ask if the appointment should be made. The reservationists should then alert the massage staff and even if booked that appointment will happen for that guest. By implementing short-term solutions, Cabo San Viejo can immediately make impact with repeat guests while focusing on their long-term strategy of implementing and investing in a sound rewards program that takes advantage of technology focused on managing the customer relationship. This database would force Cabo San Viejo to organize their data in such a way that they can start to understand patterns with repeat and new guest behavior, a market in which Cabo San Viejo currently struggles with. New guests cost more to attract and retain than repeat guests. By having a database, new client information such as age, services used, length of visit can be collected and a marketing strategy can be implemented to further attract these customers. New guest would benefit from having an awareness of what Cabo San Viejo has to offer. Upon making a reservation, a spa package with the most popular services could be suggested as a way to potentially sell services in which the novice spa guest may not have otherwise chosen if left to select on their own. The long-term implementation of a rewards program would be more about understanding the needs of the customer and having internal milestones rather than an external points system which the customer manages. For example, perhaps all repeat guests get some level of service free of charge. That could include flowers for someone who has visited twice to complimentary service of choice for the highly regarded repeat guest. Cabo San Viejo loyalty program should offer products and services based on guests purchasing patterns and profitability. What is the biggest problem facing the firm (in terms of customer management)? As mentioned above, a clear opportunity for Cabo San Viejo San Viejo is a more robust system to collect data about their guests. This database would not only house information about the clients experience but also provide information on how profitable each client has been and project future earning potential. A challenge also exists with the necessity to target specific markets in order to support their financial future. On average, only 9. 8% of first time and repeat guest are under the age of 35 and Cabo San Viejo is not doing much to attract that segment of people. Cabo San Viejo should employ a strategy to market and reach those customers. In addition, a market that has yet to be penetrated by Cabo San Viejo is male spa visitors.

International Law Essays (2577 words) - International Trade

International Law International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states: The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. The commands of international law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to the commands that they will follow. It is a direct expression of raison d'etat, the "interests of the state", and aims to serve the state, as well as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which are legally binding. The case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UN's contribution to the development of international law. It's judgements and advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the wider implications of its methodology and reasoning. The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJ pursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland, 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. The Court observed: It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment of the living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the course of further negotiation. The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static. This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal State's preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes. The Court's judgement on this case contributes to the development of the law of the sea by recognizing the concept of the preferential rights of a coastal state in the fisheries of the adjacent waters, particularly if that state is in a special situation with its population dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to recognise that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy of the requirement of conservation based on scientific data. The exercise of preferential rights of the coastal state, as well as the hisoric rights of other states

Spousal Abuse In Their Eyes Were Watching free essay sample

God Essay, Research Paper The subject of force is really apparent in Zora Neale Hurston? s novel, ? Their Eyess Were Watching God. ? One of these apparent violent actions is bridal maltreatment. Harsh words that can non be recalled are spoken in minutes of choler or emphasis. Verbal and physical maltreatment are every bit old as human relationships. They are ways of asseverating power and keeping authorization, of venting repressed choler, or, in its meanest happenings, an detonation of bibulous rage. Joe asserts his power over Janie by striking her several times? one time, when things go incorrectly in the kitchen and his dinner International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t satisfactory. He strikes her violently in the presence of the porch Sitters after she verbally assaults him in forepart of his friends. Ironically, her attack on him may hold been more dangerous than his revenge on her. The cicatrixs and contusions of his blow heal rapidly, but his debasement in the eyes of his friends, non to advert the chitchat among the adult females, neer goes off. We will write a custom essay sample on Spousal Abuse In Their Eyes Were Watching or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Janie, moving the function of an outwardly compliant married woman, is inside a rebellious adult female, even though she takes Joe # 8217 ; s assaults without physically striking back. She is systematically presented as being a little individual, sometimes called # 8220 ; LilBits. ? A blow from her would hold been uneffective. Verbal maltreatment serves her lone excessively good. Janie # 8217 ; s 2nd verbal onslaught on Joe occurs when she knows Joe is on his deathbed. The cruelest thing Janie says to him is that his decease is at hand. He reacts to that intelligence with fright of decease and hate of Janie: â€Å"Ah wish boom and lightnin’ would kill yuh! † he cries. She continues with her vindictive reappraisal of their unhappy matrimony, but it’s excessively late. It falls on unheeding ears. Marriage to Tea Cake promises a better life, but it will non be free from maltreatment. Tea Cake dainties Janie in a manner so wholly different from the manner Joe treated her that she has no demand for a crisp lingua. Unfortunately for Janie, certain criterions of masculine behaviour are expected in the sludge? and dramatic adult females is one of them. Tea Cake hits Janie non because he has any demand to make it in choler but because that is what the work forces and adult females in the sludge expect him to make. They respect a matrimony that contains a few blows to the married woman. Hurston so carefully establishes Tea Cake # 8217 ; s happy-golucky nature and his fondness for Janie that when he strikes her, the reader about looks for an apology from him! Hurston presents wife-beating as a manner of life, yet wife-beating is non limited to age, societal or economic position, colour, or state. Nor is verbal maltreatment on the portion of hubby or married woman bound by any bounds. Janie # 8217 ; s experiences represent a little portion of a cosmopolitan circumstance. This is why the issue of force is apparent in Hurston? s novel.

Advantages and disadvantages of a Web Presence

Advantages and disadvantages of a Web Presence Free Online Research Papers The Internet is a world wide market place consisting of transactions and opportunities to digitally interact with consumers. It is a new way of selling. More and more customers expect to find your product news and specifications on the web. But even on the Net, you have to advertise your product. Using Internet as a media to advertise your product is different from traditional media. Through Internet companies can be present all over the world. Using the web as an advertising tool is the cheapest way to be discovered at every time. You can also quickly change your promotional campaign, in order to gain attention that may lead the consumer to the product. Online services become so popular because they provide two major benefits to potential buyers: Convenience: Customers can order products 24 hours a day wherever they are. They dont have to sit in traffic, find a parking space, and walk through countless aisles to find and examine goods. And they dont have to drive all the way to a st ore, only to find out that the desired product is out of stock. Information: Customers can find reams of comparative information about companies, products, and competitors without leaving their office or home. They can focus on objective criteria such as prices, quality, performance, and availability. Customers can expect the advantage to pull the information, to be drained into detailed catalog or other information about products and services for sale that they are looking for. They do not feel forced, they are looking for the information by themselves. Nevertheless it seems that Web advertising is much more price than image oriented. Web advertising does not seem the appropriate way to advert a product. According to BMRB International (annex 1) 37% of UK Net shoppers are not ready to purchase off-line They always fear to give their account number to a company they do not know. Today a well-known brand is a real competitive advantage. BRMB International has shown that 16% of purcha ses has done thanks to an implicit trust of established brands. Nevertheless it does not mean that it will stay an advantage in the future. Moreover the difference with more traditional media is that customers come to you and not you to the customers. You cannot retain their attention if they feel that it does not worth it. When you wish to expand your market share trough Internet, you have to consider the specificity of your target audience. At the present time people who buy through Internet are young, daily users of computers. But there are not only people used to Internet. Because e-business is growing up (annex 2), we can assume that most people have no experience in e-business. The audience can be both good Internet users and beginners. Dealing with communication interaction Security The World Wide Web is the fastest growing part of the Internet. Increasingly, it is also the part of the Internet that is the most vulnerable to attack. For users, a secure web server is one that will safeguard any personal information (bank account number) that is received or collected. It is one that supports their privacy and will not subvert browser to download viruses or other rogue programs onto their computer For a company, a secure web server is resistant to a determined attack over the Internet or from corporate insiders. In order to increase security, you can use a system for automatically encrypting information as it is sent over the Internet and decrypting it before it is used. One of Netscape Communications early innovations was its SSL. You can also use firewalls, which is a device that isolates an organizations internal network from the Internet at large, allowing specific connections to pass and blocking others. Marketing / Communication It is really important to get people inform of the existence of your web site. You will have to shout it from the roof tops! You can use your letterhead, your cards or your leaflets to write your web address. You can also through a TV or board advertising campaign let people know about your site existence. As Jim Sterne says: your web site can be funny, pretty, useful, crisp and clean, but if you dont promote it, its message wont be seen. By the way you can also manage to register different key words on browsers in order to put make know your web site when people look for information in your business area. Deliveries and Payment If you use e-commerce on your website, once the buyer has searched through a catalog and mad e his decision to purchase, the order, the payment, the handle fulfillment and other aspects of order management have to be processed. The order processing must include the ability to group items together for later purchase; this capability is called a shopping cart in the case of retail transactions; it usually includes the ability to modify the contents of the shopping cart at any time. This way the buyer can discard items, add new ones, change the quantities and so on. To the purchase, the buyer will have additional charges such as sales taxes and shipping costs. The order processing system presents the buyer with an itemized order form including all the charges so the buyer can pay for the items. Information effect With the Internet, it is now possible to obtain accurate and immediate feedback from your customers (A daemon can count the number of hits). With access to this information, your business will be able to add the most personalized value to the customer. Tool such as th e World Wide Web helps you to build more of your business decision-making based on outside information, and find out more about your non-customers and what non-customers and what they are doing, and why they are not customers. Fiscal and legal implications Internet is still largely unregulated. Because Internet is global (no territorial limits), electronic (no writing) and digital (perfect copies can be made almost instantaneously and repetitively), it is a source of different problems. The state of California tries to regulate e-business in California (annex 3). It seems very complex to set up a world wide regulation and, at the present time nobody knows what to do if something going wrong in the cyberspace. Concerning taxation, applying existing tax rules and system to the Internet world is tempting but does not answer to the needs of this marketplace. One key aspect to resolving the taxation issue of Internet commerce is to keep tax policies universal, uniform, and neutral. Resources needed to maintain the Site Obviously, resources need to maintain a web site is going to depend on the size of the web site. Whatever the size you firstly need to ask you few questions such as: Will this solution be flexible enough to accommodate change? Do we have the technical competencies to support Internet initiatives? Is this solution customizable to our needs and our customer needs? Do we have the technological infrastructure (network services; hardware, software) required to develop and scale? Do we have sufficient funding for ongoing web site maintenance? Do we have operations capabilities to support our Internet strategy? Web creation There are two different ways to create a web site. You can do it yourself or ask an agency to manage the creation of your web site. If you decide to create yourself your web site, you will need special coding software. But if you decide to delegate the creation to an agency, it might cost you around $750 for a basic web site (annex 4). Web maintenance However you must also take into consideration the maintenance. When you have created your web site, you must care to make it alive. You need to care about your human resources skills According to the Business Marketing Web Consortium the following roles should be filled: A Web Editor.Depending on the size of the site, this could be a part-time or a full-time person. The Web editor is responsible for content for a site. A Web Master, responsible for the infrastructure and technology supporting the website. Making sure that links link, and the site performs An Infomaster responsible for timely response to inquiries An overall Technology Leader, defining corporate standards and resources required Poor maintenance can severely damage a companys image Site Design and Structure As we have pointed out since the beginning, e-business is a new w ay of selling. When a potential customer gets connected to your site, you have not sell anything yet. There are different ways to attract customers to your product. Firstly, you need to care about your web design. It means that you should not forget that if there are too many pictures or electronic animations, download is going to take a while. If your site require downloading applications, they should downloaded in twenty seconds or less. Users of Internet expect fast and functional site (avoid horizontal scrolling). Web sites must be customers oriented rather than product oriented. Information value is much more important than glizz. Customers stay loyal because of the service, not because they like your web site. Simplicity and speed differentiate your site, making it easy for business customers to order. Secondly, Web marketers must ask if their markets are comfortable with English. Global marketers recommend adding local languages when needed. Thirdly, in order to maintain interest in your site, you have to make it interactive. Internet is both a business and communication tool, you must provide to users a page where you give relevant information on your product but also on your industry area. It is recommended to let customers express their feelings through email. But you do not do it only for the fun, your site must be professional (ie: updated, fast answers), that is why you have to deal with your e-customers as you are used to do with your offline customers. In order to support the design of your future web site, we would like to present this tree structure. Research Papers on Advantages and disadvantages of a Web PresenceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Report - Essay Example 92). The framework and layout of the plant, administration of the processes of production and selection, repair and replacement of tools and equipments lie under tactical issues. Operation activities include the control of production, management of inventories, control and regulation of quality standards and implementation of management policies. In the operation management, there are a number of emerging functions from different dimensions. The functions include globalization of the dimension of productivity and completion tactics and e-procurement for the supply of resources and materials. Globalization is movement of people, services and goods across different nations in the world without restrictions. The across border movement is conducted in an integrated and flawless way (Shim & Siegel, 2009, Pg. 55). It is as a result of opening up the global economy and the associated increase of trade relations among nations and regions. Globalization will make countries to go global hence increase the integrations of the world’s economy. ... 92). Use of internet in the modern has been incorporated in almost all sectors whereby the sector of business in not left behind. It is a crucial component in business to business sites commonly referred to as B2B sites. In the B2B sites, users who are registered eligible find clients who want to buy or sell products and services. Depending on the preference and approach that may be used by the clients prices of goods and services can be specified and sometimes negotiation can be done (Kumar & Suresh, 2009, Pg. 130). The software of e-procurement automates the transactions of buying and selling over the internet. This function will enable companies to effectively and efficiently control the inventories, minimize the number of purchasing personnel and more significantly improve the processes of manufacturing. In the future, the function of e-procurement is expected to be incorporated with the computerized supply chain management (Shim & Siegel, 2009, pg. 65). Since in the coming years globalization will be more than it is now, it is vital for companies and organizations to prepare for the future globalization due to the challenges that may be accompanying (Galloway, 2010, Pg. 105). To be on a secure side a country must take caution and diverse considerations before making a move of implementing any type of venture in globalization. One of the practical concerns that need attention is currency (Homann, 2009, Pg. 150). The currency that is dominating in the world today is the Euro and the US dollar. In addition to that, there are more than 200 currencies which are used in global business transactions. Companies venturing into globalization must be aware of the costs involved in the exchange of foreign currencies and the challenges which are

Porter's Five-Force model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Porter's Five-Force model - Essay Example It is crucial for any international business to critically study the competitive environment of the industry. The number of close substitutes, availability of resources, buying power of the consumers, threat of new entrants and the level of rivalry between existing firms must be studied closely to determine whether the industry would present the firm with a favorable and profitable environment. Porter’s Five forces model allows a firm to critically analyze each and every factor in the respective elements of industry competitiveness noted above (Swaan et al, 1999). Porter describes five forces which affect the industry’s competitiveness. The Threat of Substitute Products available in the market determines the power which a business may have in the industry. If the product is a generic one which has high substitutes in the market, the industry will be considered as highly competitive. Similarly, high level of close substitutes means that the buyers’ cost of switching is low and imposes a high threat to the firms. Besides this factor, all the factors are included in Figure 1 (Swaan et al, 1999). Likewise, if the buyers in the industry have a high negotiating power, the firms will be lead to lower their profit margins and the prices. A high negotiating power means that there would be less number of buyers as compared to the number of sellers in the market. Also, switching costs would be low and the products would be common rather than differentiated. Simultaneously, when there are fewer suppliers in the market who sell highly technical or hard to procure raw materials, they would have more negotiating power (Swaan et al, 1999). The ability and the ease of new entrants in the market also say how much competition a firm can expect in the future. With all these specifics, comes rivalry between firms. If one promotional campaign is followed aggressively by competing firms, the rivalry would be high. Similarly, the level of product

Air force fume billboard Essay Example for Free

Air force fume billboard Essay Air force fume billboard Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1943 John Garfield, John Ridgley, Gig Young â€Å"The troop of an Air Force† bomber disembark in the Harbor in the outcome of the Japanese assault and is mailed on to Manila to provide a hand with the attack of the Philippines (Suids, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are observable characteristics, which attract customers to the product. Basing our argument on the above film are lifestyles, standards, color, physical appearance, taste, motivations, opinion, and desires. These take account of distinctiveness such as cheerful, preservationist, and safety-cognizant, value-oriented, class-driven. In our case, color attracts ones attention such that the distant-customers move closer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Color information is supportive in identifying objective. It can be, sometimes, misleading. One of the tribulations with regard to images is the equivalent objects might have dissimilar colors and intensities when the illumination situation changes or there are dimness. It occurs predominantly often in our assignment. The billboard images for patterns were taken independently in a different circumstance from the unambiguous game in the video progression. However, in the live match dissemination, the lighting condition is diverse and they even revolutionize often during the match (Toyoshima, (2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, there are numerous shadows caused by the players ahead of the billboards. When we to make use of the template color as the sample color and try to come across areas with the related color in the edge. The tolerant level is sky-scraping, a lot of gratuitous area will be incorporated and the diminution in searching area is not very considerable; on the other hand, if the lenient level is low, we have the risk of ignoring the main area. The brightly brown color captures awareness to the customers. The billboards exhibit great advertisements to fleeting pedestrians and even drivers. Characteristically, screening outsized, apparently amusing slogans, and distinguishing visuals. The billboards are exceedingly noticeable in the summit in market places. The bulletins are the leading modern-size billboards. They are located mainly on major highway, expressway and market zones to attract or capture peoples’ attention (Toyoshima, 2008)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More so, imagery as a stylistic device applies during advertisement. For instance, â€Å"AIR FORCE† here implies war. This is the war of the crew against the Japanese as explained on synopsis. This type of film designed in such a way that it entails different styles. Since it is in a class of luxury has to be standard and specially designed to reach the test of customers. Primarily a good copy communicates to the ideal clients. In this case, the copy creates a great physical impression to the customers. In so doing more, sales are systematical done due to its unique appearance on the customers’ eyes (Suid, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addition to that, customers like a description on the product in the market. Therefore, the synopsis contained on the copy gives customer detailed-evidence information in the copy. Furthermore, copywriter includes power words, which are very patting to the clients. ssOccasionally, these words are termed as power words which a very influential to the customer. They are advisable to apply in the language. In the above copy, â€Å"AIR FORCE† is an example of power words. Edges are very noteworthy illustration features in image processing. They are the points with high passion contrast and portray margins of objects contained in an image. Using periphery information of a copy also significantly condenses the amount of data while preserving the essential structural properties of an image. This gives a good impression to sight hence encouraging more purchases (Toyoshima, 2008). References Suid, L. H. (1996). Sailing on the silver screen: Hollywood and the US Navy. Annapolis, Md: Naval Inst. Press. Suid, L. H. (2002). Guts glory: The making of the American military image in film. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Toyoshima, Y. (2008). Japanese movie billboards: Retro art from a century of cinema. Tokyo, Japan: DH Publishing Inc. Source document

Sustainability in Project Management

Sustainability in Project Management This review discusses the journal Sustainable Project Life Cycle Management: the need to integrate life cycles in the manufacturing sector (2005) authored by Labuschagne and Brent. The theme of this paper is that incorporating the current project management methodologies with the principles of sustainable development requires comprehensive understanding and integration of different life cycles.[1] This journal provides a good introduction of life cycle management; however, the authors do not make holistic perspective on the aspects of sustainability in project management. At the outset of the paper, the authors note that the social, economic, and environmental impacts of a project long after its completion have required increasing attention; the project life cycle management principles thus require revision. However, reasons for the consideration to life cycles when aligning sustainability with project management has not been specified. According to Azapagic (2004), people may unintentionally aggravate the impacts when trying to alleviate them. Therefore, protecting the environment without increasing burdens can only be assured by adopting a systems approach based on life cycle thinking which takes the whole life cycle of an activity into account.[2][3] Labuschagne and Brent (2005) have focused on defining various life cycles, yet the descriptions of the proposed impact assessment indicators on the three main sustainability dimensions are only briefly stated which causes the concept rather vague. In 2005, Brent and Visser demonstrated an environmental performance resource impact indicator (EPRII) calculation procedure by introducing the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) framework for comparing burdens at operational level.[4] The approach evaluated impacts in four different resource groups including water, air, land, and mined abiotic resources[5] based on three process parameters comprising water and energy usage, and waste produced.[4] Research regarding the social sustainability dimension has also been executed subsequently. All the social criteria and its sub-criteria were verified with respect to project management and business[6][7], but particular impacts were found to be more significant in certain appraised asset or techn ology life cycle phases. The EPRII approach was used as a basis to calculate the social impact indicators; however, results appeared to be unreliable and the method was hence concluded to be not applicable for decision-making purposes at the moment due to the lack of social project and footprint information (Labuschagne and Brent, 2008; Labuschagne and Brent, 2006).[7][8] Despite its defect, this paper is a well structured piece of work which utilizes a large number of diagrams and tables. Koedinger (1992) explained that diagrammatic representation outperforms sentential expression due to its use of location to group information which facilitates search and avoids the need of symbolic labels and also encourages perceptual inferences.[9] This consequently enables readers to have a better understanding of the concept. In conclusion, although this journal does not provide a holistic overview of sustainability in project management, its detailed descriptions of various life cycles and their interactions in projects have provided an explicit concept of project life cycle management. Moreover, a considerable amount of literature review has been carried out in this article; it therefore deserves to be widely read. References Labuschagne, C. and Brent, A.C. (2005), Sustainable Project Life Cycle Management: the need to integrate life cycles in the manufacturing sector, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 159-168, Azapagic, A. (2004), Appendix: Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), in Azapagic, A., Perdan, S., and Clift, R. (ed.), Sustainable development in practice: case studies for engineers and scientists, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 426-437. Azapagic, A., Millington, A., and Collett, A. (2006), A Methodology for Integrating Sustainability Considerations into Process Design, Chemical Engineering Research and Design,vol. 84, no. 6,pp. 439-452. Brent, A.C. and Visser, J.K. (2005), An environmental performance resource impact indicator for life cycle management in the manufacturing industry, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 557-565. Brent, A.C. (2004), A life cycle impact assessment procedure with resource groups as areas of protection, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 9, no. 3,pp. 172-179. Labuschagne, C., Brent, A.C., and van Erck, R.P.G. (2005), Assessing the sustainability performances of industries, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 373-385. Labuschagne, C. and Brent, A.C. (2008), An industry perspective of the completeness and relevance of a social assessment framework for project and technology management in the manufacturing sector, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 253-262. Labuschagne, C. and Brent, A.C. (2006), Social Indicators for Sustainable Project and Technology Life Cycle Management in the Process Industry, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3-15. Koedinger, K.R. (1992), Emergent Properties and Structural Constraints: Advantages Diagrammatic Representations for Reasoning and Learning, SS-92-02, AAAI Technical Report, viewed 21 March 2010,

Presumed Innocent

Entertainment has always consisted of law related movies. Legal movies are successful because of public interest in different types of legal cases and scenarios. An example of a successful legal movie is Presumed Innocent. The movie Presumed Innocent was produced in 1990. The movie stars Harrison Ford who plays Rusty Sabich, a prosecutor and right hand man of the district attorney Raymond Horgan. Rusty’s colleague Carolyn Polhemus is found dead in her apartment. She was said to be raped and murdered. Raymond puts Rusty in charge of her investigation.It is later exposed that Rusty has a previous affair with Carolyn Polhemus but made up with his wife. Polhemus dumped Rusty. At this time of the investigation, Horgan is undergoing a political campaign in order to keep his job. It turns out that Horgan loses the election to Nico Della Guardia. Along with Della Guardia comes his deputy, Tommy Molto. Della Guardia and Molto prosecute Rusty for Carolyn’s murder because of his f ormer affair with her. Sandy Stern becomes Rusty’s defense lawyer in the murder trial. The investigation by the defense team leads to the idea that Rusty was framed for Carolyn’s murder.The person of interest for the framing is Molto who wanted Rusty’s job (O’Cain). Della Guardia and Molto immediately gather evidence against Rusty. They find a beer glass with Rusty’s fingerprints on it in Polhemus’ apartment. This piece of evidence causes a lot of controversy throughout the trial. It is revealed that the beer glass is missing from the evidence room. Rusty discovers that Polhemus acquired a bribery file (B file) from Horgan. There was a case involving a man named Leon who paid $1,500 to get his case thrown out of court. It turns out that Polhemus was the one who set up the bribe.Rusty and Stern’s defense is that Della Guardia and Molto set up Rusty as part of a cover-up of a bribery case involving Molto. Stern never allows Rusty to tes tify throughout the trial because it might lead the jury to think he is guilty. The trial ends with Judge Lyttle dismissing the case because of a lack of physical evidence. Rusty is not guilty for the rape and murder of Polhemus. At the end of the movie, Rusty finds a hammer in the basement with blood on it. His wife confesses to killing Polhemus. The legal issues in Presumed Innocent include conflict of interests.Rusty faces a conflict of interest because he had an affair with Polhemus. They were once lovers and very intimate with each other. Then he becomes part of the case that is investigating her death. It was suspenseful while watching the trial knowing that Rusty and Polhemus had a secret affair that only Rusty and his wife knew about. If the news of this affair was brought out into the open the trial might not have been dismissed so easily. Because of the intimacy that Rusty and Polhemus shared at one point, there would be more suspicion towards him being charged for the rap e and death.When a defendant has this type of relationship with a victim usually there is more questioning of the ex-lover due to shared intimacy and possible attachment. Although it turns out that Rusty is not guilty of her death, it seems like he dodged some bullets as the previous affair was never taken into account. There could have been a lot more accusations if the affair was made public. Dismissing the case because of lack of physical evidence seems to be very realistic. It is understandable that without physical proof, Judge Lyttle is not able to make accurate rulings.A part of the movie that was very impressive was basically the last hour when the trial began. The trial felt very serious and real. It was easy to follow the cross examinations and the lawyers were acted out very well. Another aspect of the movie that was impressive was the flashbacks to Rusty and Polhemus’ relationship. It was very interesting to see how their relationship was and how they acted in fro nt of each other. At some points I had emotional connections to Polhemus and I genuinely felt bad about her death.She seemed to be a hard worker and the way she treated the young boy testifying against his mother in the beginning of the movie was touching. She seemed to be very caring and she wanted what was best for the young boy. Watching her interact with him was the first time that I felt very sorry for her vicious death. Another impressive part about the movie is that there was constant suspense as to whether Rusty would be found guilty or not guilty. The trial keeps you curious and anxious to find out the results.The relationships between all of the characters were also impressive especially Polhemus, Judge Lyttle, and Leon. It was shocking to find out that Polhemus set up the bribe for Leon and that Judge who took the money was actually the same Judge in Polhemus’ murder trial. The least impressive part of the movie was the way that it ended. It was clever to end the m ovie with Rusty’s wife confessing to the murder but personally, it seems that justice is not served for Polhemus. Polhemus’ murder went down as an unsolved case but now the viewer knows how it could be solved.It is understandable that the movie ends with a twist but there is no justice for Polhemus. Rusty’s wife gets to be a free woman and bears no legal consequences for murdering Polhemus. His wife would always nag Rusty about his ongoing obsession with Polhemus even though she was dead. Although it is terrible to cheat on a partner, it is not acceptable for Rusty’s wife to kill Polhemus in response to the affair. Any sympathy that I had for Rusty’s wife was dismissed at the end of the movie. There are many positive and negative aspects of the legal system in this movie.An example of a positive aspect acted out by the legal system illustrated in the movie is Judge Lyttle dismissing the case due to lack of clear evidence. It is common knowledge tha t there needs to be evident information to make a judgment but in the movie, Judge Lyttle may have dismissed the case very easily due to other factors. He was influenced by his participation in the missing B-file case. The B-file illustrated that he accepted bribes from Leon and he was probably nervous that the B-file might turn up somewhere. If the file was to show up, his career would be negatively impacted especially because he is a Judge.This example illustrates the corruption that could exist in the legal system that no one would find out about. It seems that Judge Lyttle used his powers to his own advantage to protect himself from being caught. Also, Stern and Horgan knew that Judge Lyttle was accepting bribes from Leon but Horgan was the one who gave the Judge a second chance. Average people may never be aware of this type of corruption that may occur in the legal system. In the beginning of the movie there is also political corruption within the legal system.Horgan puts Rust y in charge of the Polhemus case but then turns against him. Horgan claims that Rusty insisted on handling the case which makes it seem like Rusty might be covering up something. Watching law related movies can teach the public a lot about the legal system. Presumed Innocent illustrates the controversy of conflict of interests and some of the corruption that may take place within an investigation. Work Cited 1. O'Cain, Derek. â€Å"Presumed Innocent (1990) – Plot Summary. †Ã‚  The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 18 Feb. 2012. ;http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0100404/plotsummary;

Technology and Health Play

As of today, technology plays a vital role in almost every aspect of human existence. In the same way, this research paper treats technology as a vital part of the full swing implementation of health information systems as the new way of addressing and managing health issues. Information systems by elementary definition is the integration of technology based components that is used for the collection, storage, processing and communication (transmission) of information (Britannica, 2010, p. n.pag.). This research paper integrates the same meaning in its discussions regarding the policy planning and implementation of information systems in the field of health. More particularly, this research paper strives to explain the Public Health Informatics Institute policy issues through its extensive discussions of information systems.The World Health Organization (WHO) stresses that the integration of information systems in health care profits many individuals. Even if the full swing use of in formation systems in health care is still far from being realized, most health institutions such as the WHO deem that the creation of health information systems will make the identification, addressing and implementation of health policies comparatively easier. Addressing endemic health problems can be more efficient, even before an outbreak is declared due to the simultaneous monitoring capabilities of health information systems (Eldis.org, 2010, p. n.pag.).Information systems allow performance data to be easily disseminated to communities and individuals allowing the creation of a more timely consciousness regarding health issues (Eldis.org, 2010, p. 1). The data from the information systems can be treated as the evidence base of health policy making; the precision of data in information systems allows policymakers to determine the issues needed to be addressed (Eldis.org, 2010, p. 1). Finally, information systems empower health institutions’ customers with the accountabili ty of their health institutions by making their transactions recorded and managed (Eldis.org, 2010, p. 1).The advantages projected with the blooming of health information systems can easily move health institutions to integrate their operations to information systems. However, such decisions cannot be easily made without a preliminary assessment of the current health industry’s policies and structures. The technological bias of health information systems creates a completely new dimension for the health care industry. Due to this, health institutions such as PHII oblige themselves to assess not only the practicability of such systems but also its feasibility to start with.PHII pushes for the issue of integrating information systems to the health industry by integrating it on existing health structures such as immunization registries. The integration of immunization registries to information systems insures that the registry will be efficiently managed without compromising the needed confidentiality of the population-based data of the registry (Saarlas, Edwards, Wild, & Richmond, 2003, p. 47).The policies of many health institutions toward health information systems are founded in the premises set by population based data such as immunization registries. The massive information needed to address even the smallest health problems can be found in population based health information (Hinman & Ross, 2010, p. n.pag.). In line with this, PHII pushes forth the integration of information systems in the health structure of immunization registries to insure that the structure can function at its optimum level. The new features of information systems are seen by PHII as the needed essentials to take the health care industry into a more efficient and accountable state. Conclusively, the integration of immunization registries is a start but not the end of the bloom of health information systems.BibliographyBritannica. (2010). Science and Technology: Information Syste ms. Retrieved August 4, 2010, from www.britannica.com: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287895/information-systemEldis.org. (2010). Health management information systems. Retrieved August 4, 2010, from www.eldis.org: www.eldis.org/healthsystems/hmis/index.htmHinman, A. R., & Ross, D. A. (2010). Immunization Registries Can Be the Building Blocks for National Health Information Systems. Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www.phii.org: http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/29/4/676?ijkey=GH9RmlBCqfpKA&keytype=ref&siteid=healthaffSaarlas, K. N., Edwards, K., Wild, E., & Richmond, P. (2003). Developing Performance Measures for Immunization Registries. Public Health Management Practice , 47-57.

STudy Guide Questions Essay example

STudy Guide Questions Essay example STudy Guide Questions Essay example Archetypes in Film â€Å"Princess Bride† Analysis Questions 1. Wesley, the hero, has characteristics of cunningness, bravery, and faithfulness which make for a fearless hero. When Wesley rescues the princess from the kidnappers he goes through three tests; one of strength against a bumbling giant, one of skill against a prestigious swordsman, and one of wits against an arrogant midget. 2. Miracle Max is the potion maker that restored Wesley’s life through means of concocting a chocolate coated pill that will resurrect him. When Indiago and Fezzik bring Wesley’s body to Max, he pronounces Wesley only mostly dead. Wesley still has something to live for, true love, so Max is compelled to help him in his quest to save Buttercup. 3. A major archetypal setting is the Castle. The Castle symbolizes safety from the outside world but harm within. This is evident in the events of Buttercup almost being murdered, Indiago killing the man he’s been chasing for twenty years who lurks in the shadows, Wesley saving Buttercup from suicide, and Fezzik protecting Wesley as he is semi-paralyzed. 4. A scene that displays the archetypal setting of the wilderness is when Wesley rescues Princess Buttercup from her kidnappers; he takes her into the wilderness to try to find temporary refuge from the kidnappers and the scouting party. This journey into the wilderness symbolizes the escape from society to reunite true love. 5. The 3 examples of special effects are in the a. Fire Swamp scene when the Flame Spurt sends columns of blazing fire into the air, this adds to the dramatic effect by adding a danger of unpredictable fire geysers to the surrounding elements. b. Castle scene when Indiago gets stabbed in the gut with a sword and blood gushes everywhere, adding suspense of whether Indiago will succeed in his to kill the man, who just stabbed him, who killed his father and creates a sense of concern in the audience. c. Courtyard scene where Fezzik is disguised as a spirit with a black cloak which is on fire and has smoke coming from the platform on which he stands, instilling a frightening emotion in the audience even though they know it’s to save Buttercup. 6. The mood created in the end of the movie because of the digital effects was a joyfully triumphant mood because of the sunsets in the background, the low red-orange lighting, and the panning of the camera as Wesley and Buttercup showed the love for one another in peace and freedom. 7. A universal theme for this movie is true love will always find a way, and if another’s love does not, it’s not true nor was it love in the first place. This is evident when Prince Humperdink forces Buttercup to marry him even though Buttercup loves Wesley only to start a war, but Wesley rescues Buttercup on the wedding day. Archetypes in Fairy Tales Rapunzel 1. Rapunzel becomes the damsel in distress when her parents take some vegetables from Gothel’s garden and her and her parents trade her for endless supply of vegetables. Because of her parent’s decision when Rapunzel

Scenario Analysis In Finance Essay Example

Scenario Analysis In Finance Essay Example Scenario Analysis In Finance Essay Scenario Analysis In Finance Essay Finance Scenario Analysis Introduction Scenario 1: Increased expenses used in financing Increasing the level of expenses alongside increased revenues in the overall leads to a decrease in the EBIT. The increase in the amount of expenses happens to be at a higher rate than that the increase in the revenue and this depreciates the level of operating income obtained after deducting expenses. Expenses such as advertising, sales and distribution as well as administration expenses have a heavy weight on the income level and this leads to the reduction in the profits level of the company. From the analysis, it is clear that the increase in the amount of corporate expenses as well as the selling, general and administrative expenses from (2.2M, 12.9M) in 1997 to (4.2M, 30.7M) in 1999 significantly affects the operating income. Ideally, selling, general and administrative expenses take a significant portion of the expenses. Irrespective of the tax amount charged, the net profit after taxes will always decrease with increase in the variable and fixed expenses. In the above scenari o, EBIT decreased from $157,501 in 2001 to $252,034 in year 2004. Scenario 2: Financing assets through significant capital expenditure Ideally, increasing the amount of capital allocated to making capital expenditures through investment in assets is profitable and though leads to incurring of huge initial outlay, it results to increase in revenues especially when the items acquired are used in the generation of additional cashflows. The assets purchased have different payback times and while others take a short time to generate revenues which cover the costs incurred in purchasing them, others have long payback times but the overall aim was to generate an incremental cashflow which in this case can be seen to have increased from $2.035M in 1997 to 18.6M in 2001 and finally to $138.7 M in 2004. Scenario 3: Increasing debt ratio and earning per share The increase in debt ratio which is brought about by increasing borrowings from external sources can be seen to have a negative effect on the cashflows mainly because it leads to the reduction in the equity level. Failure of the organization to generate enough cashflows from utilizing its assets efficiently and to be in a position to repay off its debts is what makes the cashflows adverse. One of the consequence of this is reduced earnings per share since more money is used to pay off debts and less is distributed to the shareholders.

Upgrading Windows XP Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Upgrading Windows XP - Term Paper Example Preparing Your PC for an Upgrade Before you start upgrading your PC, you need to know and record the existing hardware and software configuration of your PC and then perform the following tasks: 1. Know your upgrade path: Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000 Professional and Windows NT 4 Workstation are the operating systems that can be upgraded to Windows XP Professional directly. 2. Know the hardware requirements: A Pentium processor with 233 MHz is required or 300 MHz or higher processor speed is recommended. Minimum 64 MB RAM or higher is recommended. Minimum hard disk required is 1.5 GB or higher. An SVGA monitor is good enough or you can get a higher resolution monitor as well. (Donald & Chellis, 2005, p. 96). Windows XP is very demanding. Hence, before an upgrade, the aforementioned hardware requirements should be met to facilitate the installation process plus to prevent any post installation hardware failures due to incompatibility. More details regarding the hardware requirements are discussed as follows: a. Processor: In today’s computers, a 2 to 3 GHz processor speed would be efficient to run Windows XP. On checking your current processor configuration and if it is not at least 233 MHz, you would need to buy a new processor and install it as an upgrade. b. Random access memory: Once you have upgraded your PC’s processor, you are required to upgrade the RAM as well. RAM is the volatile memory that allows your computer to execute current programs and processes. Increasing the RAM size of your computer, makes the computer run faster and better. For Windows XP, you need to have at least 64 MB of RAM. This is a minimum amount. Ideal would be to have a 128 MB of RAM. Today computers come with a 256 MB RAM; so this is perfect amount to run the Windows XP on your system. c. Hard disk space: During and after installation, the Windows XP requires some hard disk space for storage. Hard disk is the non-volatile memory in your computer. It is capable of storing data and information permanently. It saves the operating system in it also. In order to upgrade your PC, you need to be sure that you have 650 MB free hard disk space to allow Windows XP to store its files. If you do not have enough free hard disk space, you need to make free spac e by deleting files, application programs and the like which you no longer need in your PC. d. Other requirements: You need an SVGA or higher resolution monitor, CD-ROM or DVD –ROM drive, a keyboard, and a mouse. You can also upgrade your internet connectivity speed and upgrade to a faster internet connection. You need to have good sound card, video card and speakers. If you have chosen to connect to a LAN, you would need a network adapter card upgrade. Furthermore, you can also get a tuner card to be able to watch television on your computer. These are options that can be considered after the installation but pondering over these before installation is a better option. (Simmons, 2005, p. 379-381). Whenever you are upgrading your operating system, you need to be sure of your data which you do not intend to loose. If the upgrade takes place in a smooth manner, then your entire data is still safely residing on your hard disk memory. However; problems may arise during upgrade wh ich can cause your data to get lost. Therefore, in order to be safe and careful, make a back up copy of all the important data residing in the hard disk of your computer. Using the back-up

Marketing and strategy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing and strategy - Article Example The key learning's of the study include an explanation and discussion of six variations of a basic value curve model that has worked successfully for leading companies in various industry segments including Home Depot, Quicken, Polo Ralph Lauren, Bloomberg, Borders Books and Barnes & Nobel, Starbucks, and others. These "value innovation" models include looking at competitive boundaries from differing perspectives such as: across diverse industries; from a variety of strategic groups within industries; evaluating the full chain of customers within an industry; looking at the relationship of products and services; evaluating the fundamental customer appeal of products and services; and utilizing perspective over time (Kim & Mauborgne 1999). The approach identifies and graphs the relative value level of certain key elements specific to an industry including product, service, and delivery components. As the scope of business drivers evolves, it includes a complex array of socio-economic, political, environmental and other factors, including the complexity of application of the model the ability to measure the contribution to value. The model becomes a study of business variables that can be addressed or influenced by specific methodologies designed to provide a unique value proposition in a specific business environment. In relation to this proposal, the recommendation for a new value curve model specific to Norwich Business School is based on creating new market space (increased market share) without regard to the traditional limiting parameters typically used in competitive analysis. This proposed value curve model for Norwich will look at such components as cost, time requirements, access, innovative curriculum targeted to specific needs, and the value proposition of the acquired degree. Selection of these elements and the subsequent emphasis placed in relationship to the rel ative level, are established from parametric data, traditional business theory, innovative strategic planning sessions, consumer surveys, and traditional competitive analysis. These activities are supplemented with research of best practices of successful or complimentary companies in the field of education. In combination the value curve model provides a compelling agenda to contribute incremental educational value. This effort is supplemented by a focus on the discipline of critical thinking, and on an approach to the study that encourages implementation and application. In short, apply concepts proven in traditional business analysis to the learning process without preconditioned biases. Theoretical Understanding In evaluation of the various "value curve" models there is a clear communication of the problem and the approach to value proposition modeling. The several examples and associated value curve models are based on individual case studies of successful companies in diverse industry segments. Identification and explanation of the four step concept used to develop the value curve include the theory of asking questions associated with the effort to focus on new value. The questions deal specifically with the ability to reduce below industry standards, eliminate unnecessary standards, create new industry standards, and raise industry standards as appropriate. These four factors assist in the creation of a new look at value components. Incremental data points are established with a review of successful com

The impacts of both secondary education and bank credit rates on per Coursework

The impacts of both secondary education and bank credit rates on per capital gross domestic product - Coursework Example The study tells that gross domestic product measures a country’s total productivity level. It is defined as the total cost of economic outputs and consists of government expenditure, investments, net export, and consumption. Per capita gross domestic product, a derivative of real gross domestic product is on the other hand a product of population. Consumption in an economy is a factor of people’s disposable income. Similarly, available resources determine the level of a country’s export and hence its net export. Investments, which can be attained through public or private sectors also depends of capital through savings and loans while government expenditures includes spending from central and local governments. Commercial banks and other financial institutions therefore play an important role in economic development through availing investment capital in the form of loans. Provision of financial support also boosts the level of disposable income at a time and as a result boosts consumption. Banks lending capacity however depends on their credit rates that dictate availability of loans as well as loan interest rates. Financial crisis into low credit rates would therefore translate to lower circulation of money and a consequently strained economy through low consumption, investment and export levels. Education has also been identified as an integral factor of economic growth. Researchers and scholars argue that the level of income in jobs is significantly determined by a person’s academic qualifications.... Similarly, educated individuals are relatively more informed and tend to budget their incomes into savings and investments. These observations qualify secondary education, which is a step into colleges and universities, as an important factor to improving per capital gross domestic product (Bloom et al, 2005, p. 16). Research into determining existence and significance of relationships between variables such as per capita gross domestic product and its factors can be undertaken through regression analysis. Linear regression also determines degree of impacts of each explanatory variable in a model and is based on assumptions of linearity, homoscedasticity, and normality of variables (Newbold, Carlson & Thorne, 2010, p. 428; Ryan, 2011, p. 407, 408). This paper seeks to investigate the relationship between per capita gross domestic product and two dependent variables, rate of enrolment in secondary schools and credit rates of financial institutions. The paper will answer two research q uestions, ‘Is there a significant relationship between per capital gross domestic product and two dependent variables, secondary education enrolment and bank rates?’ and ‘Which of the two variables has higher effects on per capita gross domestic product?’ The paper will test the following sets of hypothesis, H 0: ?i=0; There is no significant relationship H 1: not all are zero; there is a significant relationship Using analytical approach, the effects of the two independent variables on per capita gross domestic product will be analysed. The paper will also test on the validity of statistical assumptions of regression analysis. Methods Participants in the project were selected nations whose economic data were

Machine Made Ghost Essay Example for Free

Machine Made Ghost Essay Chapter six of â€Å"The Matrix and Philosophy† provides the study of the significant contribution of philosophy applied in the film art. Jason Holt wrote his philosophical analysis regarding the movie â€Å"the Matrix† with a large consideration on its relation with the ideas from some key philosophers in history. He drew some arguments using the perspective of the fictitious characters of the screenplay while key points were given supported by mainstream schools of thought. One of the points he raised is the theory of Rene Descartes that is commonly known as the Evil Demon Hypothesis saying that all knows for sure is one thing that they exist. It says that everything can be conceived as results being determined by a demon who just wants to mess with the people. And so, as applied in the movie â€Å"the Matrix†, the only thing that cannot be denied is the fact that everyone has a thought. This is something that cannot be in an illusory form therefore, all the assumptions we have about ourselves are for real and that we are as we think we are. Holt also placed emphasis and pointed out the idea of Mind-body problem. This idea also came from Descartes. The inter relation between mind and matter was used in the story several times. For example, with the scene where Neo was put in the challenge of having the trust that he will not fall from the skyscraper. Neo fell for not believing that he can leap to the next structure. Neo fell for not controlling the matters through his mind (Irwin, W. 2002. P. 66-74). That is where the mind- body got its significance. Descartes distinguishes mind from matters as two separated substances and made them interdependent. The mind is attributed with thoughts while in the case of matter, it is attributed with spaces. Here started the mind-body problem in which the question about the nature of mind and matter were brought into consideration. How can these two distinct variables possibly correlate or influence each other or what links them and affect each other. In a way, there remained the expectation that the mind is so powerful that anyone can make the matter including the body act, move, and appear the way we think. Things cannot have anything in common, as per Descartes, for if it happened, the fundamental state of objects cannot be different. So it became a big question in Holt’s work on how mind and body will be able to interact if they have nothing in common. We can recall that there are some philosophers in modern times have different to say. They are not convinced that mind and matter are different substances. What remained convincing them is the realistic view about the mind in which the distinction between mind and the brain states was apparent. Let’s say, one of the brains most impressive powers is that it is incredibly capable of learning. The mind is reducible to natural processes that can be translated into the language of scientific thought process like math. Holt deals largely on what’s in the mind. More than the subtlety that’s in it; the approach on metaphysical aspects of the mind is the center of this study. It had been a quest to knock the way out of empirical science to analyze the nature of the mind thoroughly. One key terminology used by Holt is â€Å"Machine-made ghost† which gives the picture of a variable structured by thought, to refer to the word ghost, related to the characteristic of a machine. What does it suggest then? It shows a challenging question regarding the possibility of creating an artificial minds or artificial soul. The matter that resembles a body may refer and relate to robotics or AI as used in the movie. More likely, it is far beyond the present capability of human to make it realized but it will not change the fact that it is possible. The link between Mind and Matter doesn’t just go one way whereas the mind determines the condition and situation of the matter. We must consider the fact that nothing determines which instead it is a relationship. It can be done vice versa. This movie â€Å"the Matrix† is conceived by its creators from a materialist perspective. There is an obvious attempt to discuss and explain all phenomena including the feelings of characters from the real world setting of the movie to the characters inside the Matrix like the Oracle and the architect. Everything that they disagree, and all ideas that they embrace are based by the choices they are making as they go along. This is claimed by the Oracle in one of her conversation with Neo saying that he already made those choice that now, all he needs to do is to go along and understand why he made those choices (Wachowski, A. L. 1999). Inside matrix, they are just plain copy of their actual self but the involvements of all repressed wishes provide the best claims for the theories and ideas used by Holt. References Irwin, W. (2002) The matrix and philosophy: welcome to the desert of the real. USA: Carus Publishing Company Wachowski, A. L. (1999). The Matrix. USA: Warner Brothers Studio

Social Injustice for African Americans in Toni Morrisons Novel, Jazz E

Social Injustice for African Americans in Toni Morrison's Novel, Jazz Jazz, a novel by Toni Morrison, explores many different aspects of African American life in the early part of the twentieth century. This novel tells a story of the difficulties faced by black families living in the United States. Toni Morrison describes in detail a few of the upsetting situations they had to face. She also subtly throughout the book places one or two lines that tell a tale of injustice. Jazz is a novel filled with many stories of inequality affecting the black community. One significant theme that is present throughout the story is the one of unequal rights for African Americans. One instance of social injustice is described in the very beginning of the novel when the reader first learns about Dorcas’ murder. The book explains that Alice knew she would get nowhere even if she chose to prosecute Joe, because lawyers could not help and cops would not help or even take a black on black crime seriously. Had Dorcas been a murdered white girl I am sure that Joe would have been thrown in jail t...

Corruption in Pakistan Essay

Abstract: Corruption is a very old problem in government, and concern about corruption has shaped the development of public services. For example, in many countries a Public Service Commission conducts exams or sets for the selection of suitable Candidates to be appointed to the Civil Service posts. In this way it prevents Political patronage, as well as promoting expertise. Many countries have established specialist anti corruption agencies relatively independent of the police or of the government. Since the mid 1990s, there has been new international attention to corruption. Transparency International (TI), an NGO founded in 1993, publishes an Influential Corruption Perceptions Index1, and has a number of national groups that lobby governments. The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank now Promote anti-corruption in their lending. Economists have become influential in International thinking about corruption. Introduction: Corruption is a method and a technique adopted just to bypass the rule of law and engulfing the whole system into socio-economic turmoil. Furthermore, corruption, being the mother of all ills, gives birth to multifarious problems including nepotism, favoritism and negating meritocracy, transparency and accountability. It is an established fact that the cruelty shows its influence as the rule of law is abrogated. Banking scams, industrialist’s monopoly to create baseless crises, bypassing the constitutional supremacy, lavish living styles of the ruling class, foreign tours under the head of national exchequer, general apathy, neglect, carelessness and an attitude of indifference towards national issues are all the outcomes of corruption which is root cause of all evils in the motherland. The South Asian countries have been pluralist societies; however, the legacy of colonial rule was a fragmentation of loyalties through corruption and bribery. That is why corruption and nepotism continue to exist. Loyalties to a particular group; family; caste or ethnic, religious, or linguistic community invites corruption in the form of nepotism. Since independence, the nationalization of bank and industries in the 1970s, the use of foreign aid, and the infusion of drug money into the economy, corruption has become even more systemic. Lack of accountability is an outcome of nepotism and favoritism. How can a corrupt person be held accountable by a corrupt authority? All in all the entire unfortunate system is prone to the monster of corruption. In such dismal state of affairs, the question of accountability does not arise. Only lucrative and emotionally charged speeches and pledges can never come up to the expectations of the people. Rule of law is the only option that can pave way for accountability. Incompetent judiciary in terms of not bringing the culprits in to the gallows of law and absence of bringing the corrupt politicians and policy makers to the books is another decisive factor in today’s sorry state of affairs. In the same manner the unnecessary delay in deciding the cases of corruption is a clear explanation of the adage: the justice delayed is justice denied. In much the similar fashion, highly centralized economy, breeds conflict amongst the poor and the rich. The growing influence of the privileged class always uses the influential authority to snub the poor people. In such a grim situation, the victims and the upper both use their influence at their maximum extent to have maximum benefit from the opportunity. Thus the capitalism is in the forefront in bringing and paving ways for corruption. Corruption evolves as a result of evasion of ethical and religious norms. Religion always asks the believers to have a solid strive in bringing a moderate society. It agrees in favor of decentralized economy. Regulation of wealth according to rule of law is the motto of Islam. The discussion on corruption in Pakistan would never be complete without having a glance on National Reconciliation Ordinance, a symbol of corruption in Pakistan. It was promulgated by a military dictator to serve his own vested interests. It freed all the politicians and civil servants until 1990, who were convicted on charges of corruption. PPP and PML (N), the big political giants remained the beneficiaries of this ordinance. Under the provisions of NRO, the civil servants, politicians and major industrialists were given a safe passage to escape from all the charges of corruption and made them free of any sin. NRO, most appropriately can be termed as the law that legitimized corruption in Pakistan. The cost of corruption is high. Stolen resources from education budgets mean overcrowded classrooms and crumbling schools, or no schools at all. Books and supplies are sometimes sold instead of being given out freely. Schools and universities also ‘sell’ school places or charge unauthorized fees, forcing students (usually girls) to drop out. Teachers and lecturers are appointed through family connections, without qualifications. Grades can be bought, while teachers force students to pay for tuition outside of class. In higher education, undue government and private sector influence can skew research agendas. The end result is limited access to – and poor quality of – education, and a social acceptance of corruption through a corrupted education system. Theme: There is little doubt that corruption impedes economic development, lowers the ratio of private investment to GDP, and has a negative effect on the functioning of democratic institutions. Therefore, corruption poses a serious development challenge. In the political realm, pervasive corruption undermines democracy and good governance by undermining  formal democratic processes, including elections. More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government institutions as formal procedures are ignored, resources are diverted for private gain, and public offices are paid off through bribery or other means of enrichment. The good news is that there appears to be an inverse correlation between democracy and corruption; strong, robust democratic institutions result in less corruption across the system. The role of sound democratic institutions, including an independent judiciary and an independent media, along with active political participation, is crucial to the fight against corruption. SCOPE We need to call on our politicians and public officials to be accountable for their actions. How can we trust them if we don’t know what they’re doing? We must demand that they put in place regulations which will force them to act openly. Then corruption can’t hide. And our trust in the political process will improve. When leaders act transparently, showing us clearly what they do, we can make informed choices when we vote. And we can hold them to account once elected. From grassroots groups to big organizations, civil society has a crucial role to play. We can monitor electoral campaigns and parties’ activities. If state resources are abused, we must report it. And if regulations to prevent corruption aren’t in place, we must demand them. Rules about politicians’ conflicts of interest. For example our regulations to stop corporate lobbying and political funding from distorting the democratic process. If companies publish their donations, the y can show their contributions aren’t intended to win favors. By speaking out, we can show that everyone gains from honest elections and open decision-making. Background Benazir Bhutto of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) first came to power in August 1990 but later was dismissed. Her government was replaced by Nawaz Sharif and his Islamic Democratic Alliance (IJI) party in April 1993. After the resignation of both the president and the prime minister, and an interim government, elections were held, which resulted in a second term for Bhutto and the PPP. Her government was again dismissed in November 1996. Sharif returned as prime minister but this time representing the Pakistan Muslim  League party -N(PML-N). This era of democratic government ended in October 1999 following a military coup led by General Pervez Musharraf. After declaring himself the chief executive, the Supreme Court validated Musharraf’s claim to the presidency in May 2000. In 2002 a parliamentary election returned civilian rule, yet the Musharraf presidency was extended for another five years. During the military government, former Prime Minister Bhutto was indicte d and convicted on corruption charges at home (in April 1999) and abroad (in Switzerland in July 2003). Former Prime Minister Sharif was also tried and sentenced for acts of terrorism in April 2000 although he was eventually pardoned and went into exile. Against this backdrop, the political situation in Pakistan deteriorated. A devastating earthquake in 2005 in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir region greatly strained the government. In March 2007, further turbulence arose after the dismissal of Chief Justice Iftikhar Mohammed Chaudhry for alleged misuse of office. Violence in the northern province of Waziristan and in the province of Balochistan in the south served another blow to national unity. After a period of civil unrest, Musharraf was re-elected to the presidency in October 2007, declaring a state of emergency and suspending the constitution within a month of taking office. Although parliamentary elections were to take place in 2007, they were first postponed because of worries of instability and later as a result of the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December 2007. When th e elections finally took place in February 2008, President Musharraf was defeated by the PPP and PML. The parties formed a coalition government in March 2008 with a new prime minister in power: Yusuf Raza Gilani. The Supreme Court justices that Musharraf had dismissed during the country’s state of emergency in 2007 were then restored. Currently, the fate of President Musharraf seems uncertain now that his party has been excluded from the ruling coalition. However, he has so far not given any indication that he is considering any type of voluntary resignation. Corruption in Government Corruption is rising in Pakistan society and now it is a bitter reality. Almost every person is corrupt no matter belongs to government or not. Pakistan is blessed with corrupt and fraud people from President to MPA all are corrupt who are sitting in Assemblies and Parliament and are said to be  called the so called leaders of Pakistan. The corruption does not only present in high government officials but every single Pakistani is corrupt. In my point of view corruption is in blood of Pakistani’s and without it our identity is incomplete. According to Transparency International Report in Pakistan corruption is increasing on every level from low level to high the ratio is the same and the result the general public have been crushed in a wheel of inflation. In Pakistan corruption is happening in all the departments whether it’s police, custom, education, media, judiciary it is almost everywhere every single institution. One cannot think of getting an NIC or passport eas ily without bribing the so called government employees who are said to be called the helpers of common man but in my point of view in every government institution corruption have been done openly without any fear. Because when our judiciary is corrupt that who will think of being punished in this corrupt society. It’s not only the fault of corrupt government which are rolling on us and has made our lives like hell, it’s our fault also when we quietly bear all the unfair things happening all around at least we should raise a voice but it is also impossible. Pakistan corruption has touched the sky and now it’s become uncontrollable and it has been spread like a fire in every institution of Pakistan. Pakistani nation are now use to the rising corruption in society and we the common man have mould ourselves in such a way that we also adopt the way of corruption in our daily lives. Corruption is not only done on high level and in government offices but it’s been happening all around because common people are get inspiration from high level officials and adopt the same behavior as they do for destroying general people. When milk man mixes water in milk what is this, this is also corruption but done on low level and from this also common man will be affected. When traffic police do Chelan of an ordinary citizen while violating traffic rules so the challenge meant nothing to us we just bribe the officer and all things better. Now the common man has also learnt the surviving techniques in the corrupt society like Pakistan and in way only we are able to survive. Corruption is there in Pakistani society and it cannot be controlled or stopped because of corrupt government and its Pakistan bad luck that after Liaquat Ali Khan Pakistan has been ruled by corrupt people. To whom we can  say that stop the evil of corruption from Pakistan but we the common man can only appeal to International organization who are funding our failed stated that â€Å"FOR GOD SAKE, DOES SOMETHING, TAKE HOLD OVER THE PAKISTANI GOVERNMENT, ARMY SOURCES AND ALL DEPTS. WHO ARE BECOME THE SLAUGHTER FOR GENERAL PUBLIC.OTHERWISE, HUMANITY WILL BE RUINED.† Corruption is not a new phenomenon in Pakistan. The consensus is that corruption had started taking root immediately after Pakistan’s creation in 1947, when people in collusion with the bureaucracy filled fake claims to get property allotted to them. But none of the seven Prime ministers till 1970, Liaquat Ali Khan, Khwaja Nazimuddin, Muhammad Ali Bogra, Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Huss ain Shaheed Suharwardy or Feroz Khan Noon were ever accused of being directly or indirectly involved in any kind of corruption. Neither did the Ayub Khan or Zulfiquar Ali. Bhutto governments encounter serious allegations of corruption. However, corruption received a huge fillip during ‘the lost decade’ under military dictator Zia ul Haq, when the US was fighting the former Soviet Union in Afghanistan and bags full of dollars were landing at the infamous Ojhri camp, the ISI covert headquarters in Rawalpindi. After Zia, two governments each of the PML and the PPP were dissolved on charges of corruption, following which Transparency International declared Pakistan the second most corrupt country in the world in 1996. When Pervez Musharraf took over in 1999, he promised ruthless and across-the-board accountability. Headed by Lt. Gen. Amjad Hussain, NAB managed to send shivers down several spines (particularly those of the business community) and succeeded in recovering Rs 300 billion. In the process, however, he sparked off massive capital flight, which forced then Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz and former SBP governor Dr Ishrat Hussain to beg Mu sharraf to call off the witchhunt for businessmen. Hussain was thus unceremoniously ousted and none of his successors were willing to take up the cause. Meanwhile, it is said, the Chaudhrys of Gujrat prevailed upon Musharraf and forced him to give up the drive against corruption and go instead for their political opponents. This gave birth to the infamous National Reconciliation Ordinance, the object of which was to pardon the corrupt and the criminals in the name of national reconciliation. But in December 2009, the Supreme Court declared the ordinance illegal. Meanwhile, the past PPP government has won for  itself the dubious distinction of being the worst government in last 64 years. The title may not be wholly undeserved: a number of top government officials (including ministers and senior officials) have either been sent to jail or have had criminal investigations launched against them on the directives of the Supreme Court (this list includes our new prime minister Raja Pervez Ashraf, who faces charges in a rental power case in which Rs120 billion were swindled). Meanwhile, the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) is also considered among the biggest players in the corruption game. According to a daring statement made by the previous PPP finance minister Shaukat Tarin, the premier tax collection agency is involved in tax evasion worth Rs 500 billion annually. This is why one never hears of tax evaders being jailed in Pakistan; ‘punishment’ comprises nominal fines and penalties, which further encourage evaders to remain within the ever-expanding underground economy. While the World Bank gave $150 million to Pakistan for reforming the FBR and effecting real documentation of the economy, nothing has happened so far. That said, Pakistan is not the only victim of corruption. Even so called honest societies in the west, including the US, seem to shine on the surface but are rotting at the core due to corruption. Among recent laws introduced in the European Union is one that states that corruption cannot be challenged in a court of law; hardly anybody is arrested in the US for having committed financial fraud. The black economy is also a global phenomenon which, according to The Economist, accounted for a missing nine trillion dollars worth of output in 1998, an amount close to the size of the US economy. Later, a study by Australian economist Friedrich Schneider attempted to measure the size of the black economy in 76 developed and emerging economies. Among the findings was the fact that underground activity is equivalent to 15 percent of officially reported GDP on average in rich economies and about one-third of GDP in emerging ones. In India, the black economy which was rampant in the 1970s is back and booming, pushing up stock and property prices, caus ing inflation and even making the Indian rupee unusually strong against the dollar. The black economy is growing in India and is now estimated to be worth a stunning 500 billion dollars, almost half the size of the official economy. National Accountability Bureau (NAB) chief, Admiral (retired) Fasih Bokhari has said at a press conference in Islamabad that in his estimate, corruption in Pakistan could  be Rs 10-12 billion a day. Earlier, the NAB had put out a relatively less shocking figure of six to seven billion rupees a day which had upset the cabinet of Prime Minister Raja Pervaiz Ashraf. The retired admiral has responded to the ire of the politicians by being blunter. The factor of the politicians is significant. When you cut them out, the world detects significant cutback in corruption. During the early days of the General (retired) Pervez Musharraf regime, there was subsidence in the occurrence of graft because his government was still to expand to get him the ‘legitimacy’ he wanted as a ruler. After patterns of corruption get repeated, the people start complaining about it. Their encounter with graft takes place with departments that deal with them: the police, the judiciary, the income tax bureaucracy, the customs, land records, etc. In many cases, at the provincial and federal levels, departments are presided over by politicians as ministers. Third World levels of corruption have been identified and accepted as unavoidable. The noise of corruption in India and China is deafening but no one says they are ‘failing states’ because of corruption. In fact, both are counted as successful in comparison to the ‘no-corruption’ countries in the EU and the US superpower itself. Those who advocate ‘tough accountability’ before the 2013 elections in Pakistan need to reflect a little on the precedents. But that doesn’t mean we should do nothing about the loss of public trust in the NAB and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) and other corrupt anti-corruption institutions. First of all, the NAB, FIA and FBR should be constitutionally protected in their powers to take action against offenders. But the catch is that Pakistan’s problem number one is not corruption but law and order and writ of the state. As China and India demonstrate, a country can still be rated ‘successfulâ⠂¬â„¢ if it has a functioning economy undamaged by a dysfunctional state. All the more significant because until a few weeks ago, the former navy chief had estimated that the amount lost through corrupt practices was just Rs 5 billion a day. And the revised figure is giving severe heartburn to politicians; former civil and military officials as well as the people of Pakistan who are now demanding Bukhari expose and take action against the corrupt. However, even if Bukhari were so determined, he’d be walking into the Augean stables. ‘Pakistan’ and ‘corruption’ are synonymous in the eyes of the world. Not only has the vice gained acceptance as a way of life,  corruption has been institutionalized in Pakistan over the years. Take, for example, the latest ordinance promulgated by President Asif Ali Zardari, which allows investors to invest in the stock market without disclosing their source of funds till 2014. Plain as a pikestaff, the move is aimed at assisting people to whiten their black money and evade accountability, a fact confirmed by concerned officials. However, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan continues to insist that the move is essential to jumpstarting investment since the stock market is a risky business and won’t attract significant investors under the prevailing circumstances. That said, there are primarily two categories of corruption in Pakistan. One is tax evasion, which funnels monies into the black economy; the second is the siphoning of funds from the formal economy by the informal economy. It’s this latter category that hurts the Pakistan economy most. The practice that generates the largest gains for tax evaders in Pakistan is the under invoicing of import goods, particularly machinery. Since the economy is largely under documented, the culprits easily get away from under the noses of the authorities responsible for maintaining checks and balances and eradicating sham business practices. But corruption is not a new phenomenon in Pakistan. The consensus is that corruption had started taking root immediately after Pakistan’s creation in 1947, when people – in collusion with the bureaucracy – filed fake claims to get property allotted to them. Low Salaries The basic reason for corruption is low salaries as everyone is finding a way to better their living standard as much as they can; it’s also a human nature that he has everything more and more. So mostly corruption is to be seen where there are people having fewer salaries they use corrupt ways to achieve the goal. It is true that they do not have any other way to fulfill their wants. The Judiciary The other sector in Pakistan which is seen as notoriously inefficient and corrupt is the judiciary. According to TI Pakistan’s 2006 survey, 96 percent of the people who came in contact with the judiciary encountered corruption and 44 percent of them reported having  to pay a bribe to a court official. The judiciary is also viewed as lacking independence from the executive and contributing to a general culture of impunity. Despite these problems, judges are exempt from oversight and investigations by Pakistan’s national anticorruption agency, the National Accountability Bureau. The business community generally lacks confidence in the capacity of the judiciary to enforce rules and laws, and the settlement of disputes often involves paying bribes. For example, the judiciary takes an average of 880 days to settle a business dispute at a cost of 24 percent of the claim the country’s tax and public finance administration has also been affected by corruption Survey According to a survey carried out by Transparency International the corruptions factors are as follows along with their results in terms of percentage. TI-Survey on Causes of Corruption-Mega & Petty †¢ Lack of Accountability (31.68%) †¢ Low salaries (16.54%) †¢ Monopoly of power (16.43%) †¢ Discretionary powers (12.61%) †¢ Lack of transparency (9.97%) †¢ Power of influential people (4.59%) †¢ Red Tapism (4.28%) †¢ Others (4.9%) Survey the most corrupt departments in Pakistan. Measures Now in order to combat them few measures need to be taken are as follows †¢ Strengthening of Institutions †¢ Supremacy of Law †¢ Prevalence of code of conduct †¢ Proper checks and balance on all officials as well as citizens †¢ Increase in salaries and incentives †¢ Restoration of judiciary on free basis †¢ Hiring of new employees on merit rather than beneficiaries †¢ Proper awareness campaigns need to be formed Corruption in society In areas of food and water, education and health, employment and so forth people across Asia face extremely serious problems of corruption. When attempting to gain the basic services to which they are entitled as members of society, corruption remains a serious obstacle. we are not implementing the good system and processes and nor we are whole heartedly following that political system, due to this, corruption is the main produce which we are reaping now and that’s why we are looking for a leadership who will follow the rules whole heartedly and put us on track. Impact of corruption on our society To a varying degree, corruption exists in almost all countries. However, the degree to which it impacts the common people’s lives and increases poverty is directly proportional to the level of this scourge and how widespread it is in society. A country’s or provinces development depends on how much of the States resources are lost to this ugly practice. In developed countries, where corruption is limited to a small number of projects and where common people do not encounter it on a daily basis, the adverse impact tends to be marginal and does not jeopardize the welfare of its people. In contrast, a poor country like Pakistan, where each borrowed dollar must be spent to uplift the people from poverty, it has a significant impact. A recent World Bank report lists corruption and lack of transparency as the two core reasons that hamper Pakistan’s drive for development. Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places). Corruption in Education Education is a fundamental human right and a major driver of human and economic development. It strengthens personal integrity and shapes the societies in which we live. Since education typically comprises 20-30 per cent of a country’s budget, it is critically prone to corruption, from national education ministries to local schools and universities. The cost of corruption is high. Stolen resources from education budgets mean overcrowded classrooms and crumbling schools, or no schools at all. Books and supplies  are sometimes sold instead of being given out freely. Schools and universities also ‘sell’ school places or charge unauthorized fees, forcing students (usually girls) to drop out. Teachers and lecturers are appointed through family connections, without qualifications. Grades can be bought, while teachers force students to pay for tuition outside of class. In higher education, undue government and private sector influence can skew research agendas. The end result is limited access to and poor quality of education, and a social acceptance of corruption through a corrupted education system. SUMMARY Corruption remains a substantial obstacle for Pakistan where it is still perceived to be widespread and systemic. Petty corruption in the form of bribery is prevalent in law enforcement, procurement and the provision of public services. The judiciary is not seen as independent and considered to be shielding corrupt political practices from prosecution. Various efforts over the past years have tried to develop institutional mechanisms to address these problems. A National Anti-Corruption Strategy, which was developed in 2002, offers a comprehensive plan for tackling corruption. The executing agency, the National Accountability Bureau (NAB), is endowed with comprehensive powers to investigate and prosecute cases. However, a lack of political will, coupled with the perceived co-option of the judiciary and the arbitrariness of many anti-corruption proceedings, are major obstacles in the fight against corruption. Conclusion In Pakistan, corruption has eaten up the inner of people belonging to all walks, sections, areas and classes in the country. The poorest is least corrupt only because there is nothing handy to steal from the laborer who puts in half a day’s work and charges for the full day, is as corrupt as the executive engineer in a government department who puts half the project funds in his pocket. The problem, therefore, is somewhat larger than it appears. Corruption has become part of our system. It is much easy to diagnose the problem, analyze it and lay it out explicitly but it is more difficult to prescribe as to what can be done about it. Fortunately, the solutions to all the problems sketched out above are well known: i.e. transparency, openness accountability, selection on merit, privatization,  competitive tendering, and removal of discretion and enforcement of the rule of law. Not with standing, mentioning or diagnosing the hallmarks of an egalitarian society or corruption. Fr ee policy; there is dire need to pen down practical measures in removing or rooting out corruption from the country. Following steps may also ensure corruption-free future in our country. Establishment of independent commission to combat corruption and ensuring independence of regulatory institutions, and independent judiciary, in this regard, plays a vital role in upholding the rule of law and protecting a society against corruption. It can ensure that no one is above the law. There is also need to ensure the independence of regulatory institutions such as the Central Bank, Securities and Exchange Commission in order to prevent major corruption in relation to the financial operations of banks and stock exchanges. Loans must be issued pledging the equal value property without politician’s pressure. Declaration and publications of assets of all persons holding elected office and their family members, such declarations should be available for inspection to the members of the public. In the UK a number measures have been adapted to monitor and provide checks on activities of members of Parliame nt. A register that is open for inspection by the public is maintained in which members have to declare nine categories of interest from which they may derive financial benefits. All the public servants should be compelled by law to clear their deskwork within a reasonable time. Failing which, they should be punished with deduction from their pay because sometime they delay in work to get some benefit from people. Work in offices should be automatic so that needy persons do not have to visit offices and give an opportunity to clerks to make illegal demands. Citizens should be free to lodge complaints with courts or ombudsman. Discretionary powers of officials should be kept to the minimum and be monitored by respectable citizens. Let us revive social boycott of corrupt politicians, officials, businessmen and even journalists. In addition there is a dire need to organize various forms of civil society groups, raise voices and keep on highlighting these issues, use the free press to expose the real instances of corruption and malpractices and act as pressure group. Moral and religious awareness are also key solutions to this problem.